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Gasoline is not made from natural resources. __F__ 2. Gasoline does not contribute to air pollution. __T__ 5. The most reliable source of energy for life on Earth is the Sun. Natural gas is NOT renewable. Air can be polluted by tiny particles of soot, sulfuric acid, carbon monoxide. Minerals, energy, water are natural resources. Phosphorus is a nonrenewable natural resource. Geothermal energy is a renewable energy resource. Wood is not a fossil fuel. Minerals that recycle extremely slowly are Non renewable resources. Part 1: Chapter 22 Section 1: Resources A. Natural resources parts of the environment that are useful or necessary for living organisms to survive. 1. A natural resource that is constantly recycled or replaced by nature is a renewable resource. 2. Natural resources that are used up more quickly than they can be replaced are called nonrenewable resources; for example, petroleum takes hundreds of millions of years to form. B. Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas are nonrenewable energy resources that form in Earth s crust over very long periods of time. C. Alternative energy sources can be used to help conserve fossil fuels. 1. Hydroelectric power energy from falling water used to generate electricity. 2. Wind  wind turns the blades of a turbine, which powers an electric generator. 3. Nuclear power the fission of uranium atoms generates nuclear energy that is used to produce electricity. 4. Geothermal power plants use geothermal energy from the heat in Earth s crust to generate electricity. 5. Solar energy can be captured in photovoltaic cells, which turn sunlight into electric current, or in materials that retain heat. Part 2: Chapter 22 Section 3: Three Rs of Conservation A. Conservation can help prevent shortages of natural resources, slow growth of landfills, reduce pollution levels, and save money. B. Conservation includes reducing the use of natural resources. C. Conservation includes reusing natural resources. D. Recycling reprocessing an item or natural resource for reuse. 1. Different types of plastics can be sorted for recycling by recycle codes. 2. Steel and other metals are often recycled. 3. Glass bottles and jars can be reused or melted and reformed into new glass products. 4. Paper can be recycled to form new paper products. 5. Vegetation waste can be composted and used as soil-enriching fertilizer. 6. Buying recycled products promotes conservation. ? Notes Part 2 ? __T__ 3. Aluminum, like other metals, is a nonrenewable resource. __T__ 4. Plastic can be recycled to make other products. All of the following would help conserve natural resources: using solar panels, ridding the environ of harmful pollutants, recycling plastic bottles. The following all help conserve natural resources: using a cloth shopping bag instead of a paper bag, planting trees in your front yard, riding your bike on short trips around town. The three Rs of conservation are reduce, reuse, recycle. Part 3: Chapter 23 Section 1: Weathering & Soil A. Effects of weathering surface processes break rock down into small pieces called sediment . B. Mechanical weathering  physical processes break rocks into fragments with the same chemical makeup and characteristics as the original rock. 1. Plant roots and burrowing animals cause mechanical weathering. 2. Ice wedging  water enters cracks and freezes and expands, breaking rocks apart. 3. Small pieces of rock have more surface area than the original of rock and weather faster. C. Chemical weathering  chemical reactions dissolve minerals in rocks or change them into different minerals. 1. Carbonic acid , formed from carbon dioxide gas and water, and plant acids can react with minerals to weather rock. 2. Oxidation  chemical process that occurs when iron is exposed to water and the oxygen in the air. D. Effects of climate  pattern of weather that occurs in a particular area over many years. 1. Mechanical weathering is more rapid than chemical weathering in cold__ climates. 2. Chemical weathering is more rapid than mechanical weathering in warm , wet climates. 3. Rock type can affect rates of weathering. ? Notes Part 3 ? Ice, burrowing animals, tree roots are all of the following cause mechanical weathering. Carbonic acid is not. Chemical weathering is more rapid in a warm, wet climate. Mechanical weathering is more rapid in a cold climate. The rate of weathering depends upon the area's climate. Ice wedging is brought about by water freezing and thawing. Oxidation occurs when materials containing iron are exposed to oxygen and water. Mechanical weathering breaks apart rocks by physical processes. Chemical weathering occurs when chemical reactions dissolve or change the minerals in rocks. In areas where freezing and thawing occur frequently, rocks weather rapidly because of the expansion of freezing water. When water mixes with carbon dioxide gas in the air or soil, carbonic acid forms. Part 4: Chapter 23 Section 3: Soil Erosion A. Soil erosion or loss is important because plants do not grow as well when topsoil is lost. B. Causes and effects of soil erosion Many human activities disturb the natural balance between soil production and soil erosion. 1.  Agricultural cultivation  Increased farming removes the plant cover, leaving soils open to wind and water erosion. 2. Forest harvesting  removes forest which increases erosion and particularly damages tropical rain forest soil. 3. Overgrazing results when animals graze until almost all ground cover disappears. 4. Urban construction clears land of vegetation and removes soil. C. Preventing soil erosion Soil must be protected . 1. Manage crops. a. Farmers plant shelter belts of trees to break the force of the wind. b. Bare soil can be covered with decaying plants to hold soil in place. c. Farmers can graze animals on vegetation instead of plowing it under. d. With no-till farming, plant stalks are left in the field to provide cover for soil. 2. Reduce erosion on slopes. a. Contour farming reduces soil erosion by planting along the contours of slopes. b. Terracing creates steep-sided flat areas for crops on the sides of hills and mountains. 3. Reduce erosion at construction sites. a. Exposed ground is covered with mulch , mats, or plastic coverings. b. Water is sprayed onto bare soil to reduce wind erosion. c. Topsoil is replaced and _trees are planted. d. Seeded areas are reinforced with netting or straw . e. Steeper slopes are protected by retaining walls . ? Notes Part 4 ? Soil erosion can be slowed by no-till farming. On steep slopes and mountains, terracing helps reduce erosion by creating level areas for crops. Tropical regions are especially vulnerable to erosion because their soils are useful to farmers for only a few years before their nutrients are gone. Plowing turns and loosens soil, improving it for crops, but leaving soil vulnerable to erosion. When farmers leave plant stalks in the field to reduce soil erosion, it is called no-till farming. ? Notes Part 5 ? Trees, walls, and fence posts leaning downhill are signs of creep. Erosion is a process that wears away surface materials and moves them from one place to another. Creep (slow erosion) is common in areas where freezing and thawing occur. Rockfalls happen when large blocks of rock break loose from a steep slope and start tumbling. Mudflows (erosion) occur after a heavy rain in an area that has thick layers of loose sediments. Slumps (mass movements) happen when loose materials or rock layers slip down along a curved surface. ? Notes Part 6 ? Cirques are bowl-shaped basins resulting from glacial erosion on the side of a mountain. To reduce erosion on steep slopes, people can plant vegetation, build walls, insert drainage. Plucking occur(s) when glacial ice melts and the water flows down into cracks in rocks, refreezes, and fractures the rock into pieces. Boulders, gravel, and sand are added to the bottom of the glacier by plucking. Rock fragments dragged by glaciers will gouge grooves and striations into the rock over which they are moving. Striations are formed by large boulders carried by moving masses of ice and snow called glaciers. Till is a jumble of materials deposited by a retreating glacier. Outwash is a deposit from a glacier's meltwater. Deposition is the dropping of sediments. Part 7: Chapter 24 Section 3: Wind A. Wind erosion  can scatter dust or volcanic ash over thousands of kilometers. 1. Deflation  wind removes small particles of loose sediment, leaving behind heavier materials. 2. Wind behaves like a sandblaster blowing sand grains against rocks wearing them down and pitting them in the process of abrasion . 3. Deflation and abrasion happen most often in areas where there is little vegetation to hold sediments in place. 4. When strong winds blow in the deserts, beaches, or dry riverbeds, an airborne sand cloud or sandstorm occurs. 5. Duststorms occur when winds blow dry topsoil from open fields, overgrazed areas, or places with little or no vegetation. B. Reducing wind erosion plant vegetation . 1. Windbreaks  rows of trees can slow down wind reducing erosion; they also trap snow to increase moisture. 2. Roots  fibrous root system plants such as grasses help anchor soil particles. C. Deposition by wind airborne particles eventually return to Earth. 1. Fine-grained sediments known as loess helped form fertile soils in the Midwestern United States. 2. A mound of sediments drifted by the wind is called a dune . a. Dunes move as the wind continues to blow against them. b. The more gently sloping side of a dune faces the wind . c. Dunes have different shapes , such as crescents, lines, or stars, based on sediments, wind speed and direction, and vegetation. D. Erosion and deposition are constantly changing the shape of the land. ? Notes Part 7 ? Abrasion can be compared to sandblasting. Agents of erosion deposit sediments when they lose their energy of motion. When people plant vegetation, they reduce erosion. To reduce erosion on steep slopes, people can plant vegetation, build walls, insert drainage. Erosion caused by the sandblasting effect of windblown sediments is called abrasion. Dunes form when sediments are blown against an obstacle and settle behind it. A clump of grass, a small bush, or a rock can act as the obstacle around which a(n) dune will start to form. ? Notes Part 8 ? A delta is the triangular or fan-shaped deposit of sediment that forms where a river empties into an ocean or lake. Scientists estimate that 14 percent of all freshwater on Earth exists as groundwater. An alluvial fan forms when river waters empty from a mountain valley out onto a flat open plain. When people remove vegetation, they speed up runoff and the erosion process. The amount of vegetation, the slope of the land, and the amount of rain all determine the amount of runoff. Runoff water eventually enters the ocean. Water that doesn't soak into the ground or evaporate, but flows across Earth's surface is called runoff. The length of time rain falls, the amount of rain and gravity all affect the amount of runoff. (but not altitude) A river system can be compared with a tree. A drainage basin is the land area from which a stream gets its water. The Mississippi River drainage basin is the largest drainage basin in the United States. A stream that flows swiftly through a steep valley and has steep sides is a young stream. Water that is heated by molten rock will form a hot spring if the water table is exposed at Earth's surface. Part 5: Chapter 24 Section 1: Erosion by Gravity Erosions  wearing away and moving of surface materials by gravity, water, wind, or glaciers. B. Through the process of deposition , sediments are dropped by erosion agents as they lose energy. C. Mass movement occurs as gravity moves materials down a slope as one large mass. 1. Slump  material slips down a curved surface as one large mass. 2. Sediments slowly shift downhill in the process of creep . 3. Rockfalls and rock slides occur when rocks break off or slip suddenly down a hill. 4. A mudflow is a thick mixture of water and sediments flowing downhill. D. Consequences of erosion  buildings on slopes eventually have problems due to erosion by gravity. 1. Sometimes builders and residents make slopes more unstable by making them steeper . 2. Another source of instability is the removal of vegetation . E. Steep slopes can be made safer with vegetation, drainage pipes, and walls of concrete or railroad ties. Part 6: Chapter 24 Section 2: Erosion by Glaciers A. Glacier  large mass of ice and snow slowly moving on land; an agent of erosion. B. As glaciers move, they pick up boulders, gravel, and sand in an erosion process called plucking . 1. Plucked rocks at the base of the glacier scour the soil and bedrock. 2. Dragged rock fragments leave scars on bedrock called grooves . 3. Striations are shallower scars on bedrock. 4. Grooves and striations indicate the direction a glacier moved. C. As glaciers retreat, they leave behind till , a mixture of different sized sediments. 1. Till areas include wide swaths of farmlands from Iowa to Montana, and Ohio to Illinois. 2. A moraine is a ridge, or pile, of deposit left at the end of a glacier. 3. Outwash  material deposited in layers by the meltwater of a glacier, with largest pieces closer to the glacier. 4. An esker is a type of outwash deposit formed as meltwater rivers within the ice deposit sand and gravel within their channels. D. Continental glaciers huge masses of ice and snow now covering only about 10 percent of Earth in areas near the poles, as much as 28 percent of Earth was covered by glaciers. 1. Periods of widespread glaciation over the last 2 million to 3 million years are known as ice ages . 2. The average air temperature on Earth was about 5 C lower during ice ages than today. 3. The last major ice age was about 18,000 years ago. E. Valley glaciers exist in mountains. 1. Cirques are bowl-shaped basins in the sides of mountains, created by valley glaciers. 2. A long ridge or rete forms when two valley glaciers erode a mountain side-by-side. 3. A horn forms when valley glaciers erode a mountain from several directions. 4. Glacially eroded valleys have a U shape, as opposed to the V shape left by stream erosion. F. Glaciers have changed, and continue to change, the shape of Earth s surface; sand and gravel deposits left by glaciers are important resources for the construction of roads and buildings . Part 8: Chapter 25 Section 1: Surface Water A. Runoff rainwater that flows across Earth s surface ; amount of runoff is affected by several factors: 1. Amount of rain. 2. Length of time it falls. 3. Steepness, or slope , of the land. 4. Amount of plants . B. Erosion the wearing away of soil and rock by water . 1. Rill erosion during a heavy rain, a small stream forms and carries away soil, creating a groove called a channel. 2. Gully erosion Heavy rains remove large amounts of soil and sediment from a rill channel, forming a gully. 3. Sheet erosion Sheets of water flowing across the land pick up and carry away sediments. 4. Stream erosion Water in a stream picks up sediments from the bottom and sides of its channel, making the channel deeper and wider. C. River system the network of groundwater and streams that come together to form a river . 1. Drainage basin  the area of land from which a stream or river collects runoff. 2. Mississippi River drainage basin largest in the United States D. Stages of stream development: 1. Young stream flows swiftly through a steep valley. a. May have whitewater rapids and waterfalls . b. Erodes the stream bottom faster than the sides. 2. Mature stream flows more smoothly through its valley. a. Erodes more on its sides . b. Curves form called meanders . c. Carves a broad, flat valley floor called a floodplain . 3. Old stream flows slowly through a floodplain it has carved. E. Flooding when too much water enters a river system, it overflows its banks. 1. Dams  built to control the flow of water downstream. 2. Levees  mounds of earth built along the sides of a river to prevent flooding. F. Deposition when water slows down, it drops, or deposits , the sediments it is carrying. 1. Delta  fan-shaped area formed by sediments that are deposited as water empties into an ocean or lake. 2. Alluvial fan  fan-shaped area formed by sediments deposited as water empties from a mountain valley onto a flat open plain. ? 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